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The Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, or GESAMP, is a research team that works on science of sustainable oceans. GESAMP is a joint initiative supported by several UN organizations, including UNEP, FAO, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

Regional

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Fishing Bodies (RFBs)

Regional Fishery Bodies are essential to the protection of marine resources and the management of the oceans.

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In view of the harmful nature of some subsidies, WTO agreed on restricting subsidies designed to promote exports and establish controls over other form of subsidies. Canada, Japan, and other countries with a large fishery industry, however, endorse the "no-need approach" in which no restriction of subsidies should be imposed as they dispute the casual link between subsidies and overexploitation of fish resources. They propose fisheries management regimes deal with catch controls (quotas), effort controls (restrictions on boat size, engine power and days at sea, etc.) and right-based structures (permits, individual transferable quotas, etc.). Therefore, in Japan's view, it would be unfair if these varying situations are ignored and certain fisheries subsidies automatically prohibited. (Benitah, 2004)

Works Cited: 

Marine Resources Assessment Group (2000). Impact of Fisheries Subsidies on Developing Countries. Retrieved November 23, 2007 from http://www.onefish.org/servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet?filename=1079973819915_DFIDSUMMARYNOV2000.doc&refID=20413^{Image Removed}.  

 Milazzo, M. (2000). The World Bank: Subsidies in World Fisheries: A Re-examination. Technical Paper, No. 406, 4-6.

Benitah, M. (June 2004). Ongoing WTO Negotiations on Fisheries SUbsidies. ASIL Insights, 1-3.

Kura, Y., Revenga, C., Hoshino, E., & Mock, G. (2004). Fishing for Answers: Making Sense of the Global Fish Crisis. World Resources Institute.

Schrank, W. (2003). Introducing Fisheries Subsidies. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 437, 1-5

Sumaila, U.R. & Pauly, D. (2006). "Catching More Bait: A Bottom-up Re-estimation of Global Fisheries Subsidies." Retrieved November 23, 2007, from http://www.oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/uploads/dirty_fishing/cut_the_bait/2007_Subs_outreach_kit/Pauly___Sumaila_Report_on_Subsidies_Oct06.pdf.&nbsp^{Image Removed};

International Council for the Exploration of the Seas

International Council for the Exploration of the Seas

The International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) is a scientific organization based in Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES "coordinates and promotes marine research in 

The International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) is a scientific organization based in Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES "coordinates and promotes marine research in the North Atlantic" with the help and expertise of more than 1600 scientists from its twenty member countries ("About us - What do we do?").\[1\] ICES uses its research to create cohesive marine management plans for its members.

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Mission 2011 is about saving the oceans and the fisheries, and an integral part of solving the current problem is taking action against all forces of nature which are destroying marine life and the marine environment. One such force which the public is not aware of are the 'Floating Cities' known to the general public as cruise ships. California Represenative Sam Farr, whose district includes the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, writes, "The pristine ocean cruisers we see in TV commercials are also massive ocean polluters, often generating and dumping wastes equivalent to those of a small city into our coastal waters." (This a from a quote inside a source, the CQ researcher - I'm not exactly sure how to cite it.) Even more devastating are the effects of cruise ships near delicate environments such Caribbean coral reefs, where the effects of pollution are magnified.

Works Cited

Sources:

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not aware of are the 'Floating Cities' known to the general public as cruise ships. California Represenative Sam Farr, whose district includes the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, writes, "The pristine ocean cruisers we see in TV commercials are also massive ocean polluters, often generating and dumping wastes equivalent to those of a small city into our coastal waters." (This a from a quote inside a source, the CQ researcher - I'm not exactly sure how to cite it.) Even more devastating are the effects of cruise ships near delicate environments such Caribbean coral reefs, where the effects of pollution are magnified.

Works Cited

Sources:

• Safina, C. (n.d.). Scorched-Earth Fishing. Retrieved September 27, 2007, from http://issues.org/14.3/safina.htm
• Verrengia, J. (DATE) Nearly 1,000 whales drowning in fishing nets: study. Retrieved September 13, 2007, from http://www.eurocbc.org/bycatch_death_toll_may_exceed_1000_cetaceans_daily_15june2003page1156.html
• ICES
• Brown, J. and Macfadyen, G. (2007). Ghost Fishing in European Waters: Impacts and Management Responses. Marine Policy, 31(4), 488-504.
• Laist, D.W. (1996). Marine Debris Entanglement and Ghost Fishing: A Cryptic and Significant type of Bycatch?. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks, AK. p.33-40.
• Matsuoka, T., Nakashima, T., & Nagasawa, N. (2005). A Review of Ghost Fishing: Scientific Approaches to Evaluation and Solutions. Fisheries Science, 71(4), 691-702.
• Jones, J. B. (1992). Environmental impact of trawling on the seabed: a review . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 26, 59-67.
• Gabriel, O., ed. (2005). Fish catching methods of the world. Oxford, UK; Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing.
• Fishing Methods (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2007, from http://www.starfish.govt.nz/science/facts/fact-methods.htm
• Fishing methods (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2007, from http://www.fishonline.org/site/www/caught_at_sea/methods

About us - ICES Structure. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.ices.dk/aboutus/structure.asp

About us - What do we do? Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.ices.dk/aboutus/aboutus.asp

ICES. (2006). Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management, Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment and Advisory Committee on Ecosystems, 2006. Copenhagen, DK: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Retrieved November 16

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, 2007, from http://www.

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ices.dk/products/icesadvice/2006PDF/ICES%20Advice%202006%20Book%201.pdf

The ICES Strategic Plan. (2002). Copenhagen, DK: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.

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ices.

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dk/

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iceswork/strategic%20plan-final.pdf

(1999). The Role of Regional Fishery Bodies in Conservation and Management of Resources. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 17 November 2007, from:

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About us - ICES Structure. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.icesfao.dkorg/fi/aboutus/structure.aspAbout us - What do we do? Retrieved November 15website/MultiQueryAction.do?.

Finding Nemo...and Eating Him: The Failure of the United Nations to Force Internalization of the Negative Social Costs that Result from Overfishing. Washington University. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://wwwlaw.ices.dk/aboutus/aboutus.aspwustl.edu/wugslr/issues/volume5_2/p381Cantrell.pdf

ICES. (20062005). Joint Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management, Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment and Advisory Committee on Ecosystems, 2006. Copenhagen, DKStudy Group on Unaccounted Fishing Mortality (SGUFM) and the Workshop on Unaccounted Fishing Mortality (WKUFM). Aberdeen, UK: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://www.ices.dk/reports/FTC/2005/SGUFM05.pdf

INTERNATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION TO PREVENT, DETER AND ELIMINATE ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED FISHING. (2001). Retrieved November 1622, 2007, from http://www.icesfao.dkorg/productsDOCREP/icesadvice003/2006PDFy1224e/ICES%20Advice%202006%20Book%201y1224e00.pdfThe ICES Strategic Plan. (2002). Copenhagen, DK: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from HTM

Ahmed, M., Delgado, C.L., Meijer, S., Rosegrant, M.W., Wada, N. (2003). The Future of Fish: Issues and Trends to 2020. International Food Policy Research Insitute and WorldFish Center. Retrieved 18 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ifpri.org.

Duke University. Mining vs. Farming: The International State of the Fisheriesices.dk/iceswork/strategic%20plan-final.pdf(1999). The Role of Regional Fishery Bodies in Conservation and Management of Resources. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 17 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.biology.faoduke.orgedu/bio217/fi2002/websitefish/MultiQueryActionstate.do?html.Finding Nemo...and Eating Him: The Failure of

the United Nations to Force Internalization of the Negative Social Costs that Result from Overfishing. Washington University. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from (2007). International Seabed Authority. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://lawwww.isa.wustlorg.edujm/wugslr/issues/volume5_2/p381Cantrell.pdf

ICES. (2005). Joint Report of the Study Group on Unaccounted Fishing Mortality (SGUFM) and the Workshop on Unaccounted Fishing Mortality (WKUFM). Aberdeen, UK: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://www.ices.dk/reports/FTC/2005/SGUFM05.pdf

INTERNATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION TO PREVENT, DETER AND ELIMINATE ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED FISHING. (2001). Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/y1224e/y1224e00.HTM

Ahmed, M., Delgado, C.L., Meijer, S., Rosegrant, M.W., Wada, N. (2003). The Future of Fish: Issues and Trends to 2020. International Food Policy Research Insitute and WorldFish Center. Retrieved 18 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ifpri.org.

Duke University. Mining vs. Farming: The International State of the Fisheries. Retrieved 17 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio217/2002/fish/state.html.

en/about.

Desombre, E.R. (2005). Fishing Under Flags of Convenience: Using Market Power to Increase Compliance with International Regulations. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

National Geographic News. (15 May 2003). Big-Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0515_030515_fishdecline.html.

NOAA Fisheries Service. (6 August 2007). Annual Commercial Landing Statistics. Retrieved 17 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html.

Coleman, F.C., Figueira, W.F., Ueland, J.S., & Crowder, L.B. (2004). The Impact of United States Recreational Fisheries on Marine Fish Populations. Science, 305, 1958-1960.

National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, Fisheries Statistics Division (2007). By the Numbers: Saltwater Fishing Facts for 2006. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/PartnershipsCommunications/recfish/BytheNumbers2006.pdf.

Oceans and Law of the Sea: Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea. (23 October 2007). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. Retrieved 12 (2007). International Seabed Authority. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.isaun.org.jm/en/about.

Desombre, E.R. (2005). Fishing Under Flags of Convenience: Using Market Power to Increase Compliance with International Regulations. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm.

The Pew Charitable Trust. Pew Oceans CommissionNational Geographic News. (15 May 2003). Big-Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://newswww.nationalgeographicpewtrusts.com/news/2003/05/0515_030515_fishdecline.htmlorg/our_work.aspx?category=128.

ScienCentral News. (11 November 2006). No Fish by 2050. Retrieved 21 .NOAA Fisheries Service. (6 August 2007). Annual Commercial Landing Statistics. Retrieved 17 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html.

Coleman, F.C., Figueira, W.F., Ueland, J.S., & Crowder, L.B. (2004). The Impact of United States Recreational Fisheries on Marine Fish Populations. Science, 305, 1958-1960.

National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, Fisheries Statistics Division (2007). By the Numbers: Saltwater Fishing Facts for 2006. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/PartnershipsCommunications/recfish/BytheNumbers2006.pdf.

Oceans and Law of the Sea: Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea. (23 October 2007). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. Retrieved 12 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm.

The Pew Charitable Trust. Pew Oceans Commission. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work.aspx?category=128.

sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?type=article&article_id=218392867.

UN-OCEANS is a site that presents the history, mission, and partners of the UN-OCEANS program
http://www.oceansatlas.org/www.un-oceans.org/About.htm#Participation.

Worm, B., Barbier, E.B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J.E., Folke, C., Halpern, B.S., Jackson, J.B.C., Lotze, H.K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S.R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K.A., Stachowicz, J.J., Watson, R. (3 November 2006). Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science Magazine, 314, 787-790. Retrieved 19 October 2007, from the World Wide 

Web:http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5800/787\[\]

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (2007). The CITES Appendices. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?type=article&article_id=218392867.UN-OCEANS is a site that presents the history, mission, and partners of the UN-OCEANS program
http://www.oceansatlascites.org/www.un-oceans.org/About.htm#Participation.

Worm, B., Barbier, E.B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J.E., Folke, C., Halpern, B.S., Jackson, J.B.C., Lotze, H.K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S.R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K.A., Stachowicz, J.J., Watson, R. (3 November 2006). Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science Magazine, 314, 787-790. Retrieved 19 October 2007, from the World Wide Web:http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5800/787\[\]

/eng/app/index.shtml.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (2007). Appendices I, II, and III. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml.

International Fund for Animal Welfare. (2006). 82% of young people in Iceland never eat whale meat. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw/general/default.aspx?oid=178538.

International Whaling Commission. (2007). Catch Limits. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/catches.htm.

International Whaling Commission. (2007). Commission Information. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/iwcmain.htm.

International Whaling Commission. (2007). Scientific PermitsConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (2007). The CITES Appendices. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.citesiwcoffice.org/engconservation/app/indexpermits.shtml.Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (2007). Appendices I, II, and III. Retrieved November 19, 2007, htm.

Marine Resources Assessment Group (2000). Impact of Fisheries Subsidies on Developing Countries. Retrieved November 23, 2007 from http://www.citesonefish.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml.

International Fund for Animal Welfare. (2006). 82% of young people in Iceland never eat whale meat. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw/general/default.aspx?oid=178538.

International Whaling Commission. (2007). Catch Limits. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/catches.htm.

International Whaling Commission. (2007). Commission Information. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/iwcmain.htm.

servlet/BinaryDownloaderServlet?filename=1079973819915_DFIDSUMMARYNOV2000.doc&refID=20413.  

 Milazzo, M. (2000). The World Bank: Subsidies in World Fisheries: A Re-examination. Technical Paper, No. 406, 4-6.

Benitah, M. (June 2004). Ongoing WTO Negotiations on Fisheries SUbsidies. ASIL Insights, 1-3.

Kura, Y., Revenga, C., Hoshino, E., & Mock, G. (2004). Fishing for Answers: Making Sense of the Global Fish Crisis. World Resources Institute.

Schrank, W. (2003). Introducing Fisheries Subsidies. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 437, 1-5

Sumaila, U.R. & Pauly, D. (2006). "Catching More Bait: A Bottom-up Re-estimation of Global Fisheries Subsidies." Retrieved November 23International Whaling Commission. (2007). Scientific Permits. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.iwcofficeoceana.org/conservation/permits.htm./fileadmin/oceana/uploads/dirty_fishing/cut_the_bait/2007_Subs_outreach_kit/Pauly___Sumaila_Report_on_Subsidies_Oct06.pdf.&nbsp

The European Commission. (14 March 2005). Fisheries and Maritime Affairs. Received 21 November 2007, from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/fisheries/missn_en.htm.