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As it stands today, roughly 0.7% of the world ocean is protected in some way (in contrast 11.5% of land areas re protected in some way).\[4\] THIS IS SIMPLY NOT ENOUGH to have a globally significant impact. Furthermore, the rate at which the MPAs are growing is far lower than the human ability to exploit the oceans. Hence, the challenge is to expand coverage to a more significant level, as quickly as possible, while limiting the impact on human culture and economics. |
The Goal and Plan:
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A reasonable middle ground will be to aim for 10% coverage of the world oceans with no-take areas. |
This is comparable to global protected land areas, would likely be enough to make a substantial impact, and could still remain palatable for fishers, etc. |
The The principle behind a conservative goal, is that it is one for which widespread support would be possible with the appropriate motivations. |
Also, having a well-defined, conservative goal makes it clear that there is no attempt to radically restructure the way the business is carried out on the seas; in contrast, the MPA proposal is designed to preserve and protect the seagoing cultures and ways of life that have existed for many generations.Most important is the acknowledgement that an inflexible attitude toward the creation of MPAs is counterproductive. |
This 10% target attempts to be sensitive to This 10% target attempts to be sensitive to socio-economic concerns, as well as biological and ecological concerns.\[5\] |
In areas outside of the 10%, lesser restrictions will almost certainly be necessary. Traditional management schemes, such as gear restrictions, quotas, or days-at-sea limitations, are all possibilities. In any case, it is important to note that the intent is for MPAs to work in conjuction with other management schemes.
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Also consider that many nations have preexisting infrastructure related land-based conservation areas that can be expanded and adapted to meet the needs of running MPAs. Using the United Statesas an example, National Legislation such as the National Marine Sanctuaries Act can be strengthened, to streamline the process for the creation of new MPAs, to explicitly mandate their creation, and to provide for budget appropriations therein.\[56\] The scope of existing enforcement agencies, such as the National Park Service can be expanded to cover MPAs. Their mandate can be greatly assisted by technological solutions, such as satellite-based remote sensing, etc.
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\[1\] Evans, RD; Russ, GR. "Larger biomass of targeted reef fish in no-take marine reserves on the Great Barrier Reef." _Aquatic Conservation._ 14 (5) : 505-519.
\[2\] _{+}Ibid.+_
\[3\] Russ, GR; Alcala, AC; Maypa, AP. *_"_{*}Spilloverfrom marine reserves: The case of _Naso vlamingii_ at ApoIsland, The Philippines" Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., Vol. 264, pp. 15-20. 2003.
\[4\] D. Pauly. Lecture. _and_ UNEP World Database on Protected Areas. <[http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/]>.
\[5 |
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\[5\] Agardy T., et. al. "Ideological Clashes around marine protected areas." Aquatic Conservation 13(4): 353-367. |
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\[6\] 16 United States Code § 1431 |
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